Do you know what species live downstream from your flushes in nearshore reef ecosystems?
A large number of unique marine life species live in nearshore ocean waters that are downstream from all disposal methods. Explore these colorful reef species images, learn the scientific name and Hawaiian name for those that have one, and explore a link to more information for each species
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How does Paalaa Kai's wastewater pollution compare?
DISPOSAL METHOD Effluent Total Nitrogen Concentration (mg/L) HAR 11-54 open coastal water quality standard "do not exceed more than 2% of the time" (2014) Total Nitrogen Concentration (mg/L) How much higher is the Effluent Total Nitrogen Concentration compared to the open coastal standard? (X multiplies) Effluent Total Phosphorous Concentration (mg/L) HAR 11-54 open coastal water quality standard "do not exceed more than 2% of the time" (2014) Total Phosphorous Concentration (mg/L) How much higher is the Effluent Total Phosphorous Concentration compared to the open coastal standard? (X multiplies) Effluent Enterococcus Concentration (CFU/100mL) HAR 11-54 recreational standards for all state waters "shall not exceed a geometric mean of 35 CFU / 100mL over any 30-day interval" How much higher is the Effluent Enterococcus Concentration compared to the recreational water standard? (X multiplies) Sand Island WWTP 24.44 0.35 70 2.47 0.06 41 6277 35 179 Kailua Regional WWTP NA 0.35 NA NA 0.06 NA 7336 35 209.6 Honouliuli WWTP 36.1 0.35 103 4.5 0.06 75 328924 35 9398 Wai'anae WWTP 7.73 0.35 22 4.07 0.06 68 NA 35 NA Wahiawa WWTP 12.6 0.35 36 3.39 0.06 57 NA 35 NA Laie WRF NA 0.35 NA NA 0.06 NA 0 (*coliform) 35 0 Waimanalo WWTP 1.9 0.35 5 2.23 0.06 37 9500 35 271 Kahuku WWTP 0.8 0.35 2 2.85 0.06 48 59 35 2 Pa'ala'a Kai WWTP 17.9 0.35 51 6.48 0.06 108 140 35 4 East Honolulu WWTP NA 0.35 NA NA 0.06 NA 2.5 35 0.07 NA = No data available
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Pathogenic Life Forms
Interesting Facts about Injection Pathogenic Life Forms
LIST OF PATHOGENIC (ILLNESS-CAUSING) LIFE FORMS COMMONLY FOUND IN INFECTED WASTEWATER, SUCH AS R-3 INJECTED IN KIHEI AND KAHULUI
The list of pathogenic microbial species commonly found in non-disinfected wastewater is long and alarming, shown in the U.S. NIH list below.
Respiratory infections such as COVID-19 and skin infections can be caused by water borne pathogens.
The major pathogens of concern in municipal wastewater and diseases or illness associated with them:
Name of pathogen
Major disease or symptoms
Bacteria Campylobacter jejuni Gastroenteritis Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis Salmonella spp. Salmonellosis, typhoid, paratyphoid Shigella spp.
Bacillary dysentery Staphylococcus Skin Infections, bacteremia, toxic shock syndrome, septic arthritis Streptococcus Cellulitis, Pink eye, meningitis, pneumonia, endocarditis, necrotizing fasciitis Vibrio cholerae Cholera Yersinia spp. Gastroenteritis Viruses Adenovirus Upper respiratory infection and gastroenteritis Astrovirus Gastroenteritis Coxsackie virus Meningitis, pneumonia, fever Echovirus Meningitis, paralysis, encephalitis, fever Hepatitis virus Infectious hepatitis, miscarriage, and death Human calicivirus Epidemic gastroenteritis with severe diarrhea Polio virus Poliomyelitis Reovirus Respiratory infections, gastroenteritis Rotavirus Acute gastroenteritis with severe diarrhea TT hepatitis Hepatitis COVID-19 Acute respiratory illness Protozoa
Balantidium coli Balantidiasis Cryptosporidium spp. Cryptosporidiosis Entamoeba histolytica Acute amoebic dysentery Giardia duodenalis Giardiasis Toxoplasma gondii Toxoplasmosis Helminths Ascaris lumbricoides Ascariosis Ascaris suum Coughing and chest pain Hymenolepis nana Hymenolepiasis Necator americanus Hookworm disease Taenia saginata Insomnia, anorexia Taenia solium Insomnia, anorexia Toxocara canis Fever, abdominal pain, muscle ache Trichuris trichiura Diarrhea, anemia, weight loss